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<title>README - rack-2.2.3 Documentation</title>

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<div class="nav-section">
  <h3>Table of Contents</h3>

<ul class="link-list" role="directory">
    <li><a href="#label-Rack-2C+a+modular+Ruby+webserver+interface">Rack, a modular Ruby webserver interface</a>
    <li><a href="#label-Supported+web+servers">Supported web servers</a>
    <li><a href="#label-Supported+web+frameworks">Supported web frameworks</a>
    <li><a href="#label-Available+middleware+shipped+with+Rack">Available middleware shipped with Rack</a>
    <li><a href="#label-Convenience">Convenience</a>
    <li><a href="#label-rack-contrib">rack-contrib</a>
    <li><a href="#label-rackup">rackup</a>
    <li><a href="#label-Quick+start">Quick start</a>
    <li><a href="#label-Installing+with+RubyGems">Installing with RubyGems</a>
    <li><a href="#label-Usage">Usage</a>
    <li><a href="#label-Configuration">Configuration</a>
    <li><a href="#label-key_space_limit">key_space_limit</a>
    <li><a href="#label-param_depth_limit">param_depth_limit</a>
    <li><a href="#label-multipart_part_limit">multipart_part_limit</a>
    <li><a href="#label-Changelog">Changelog</a>
    <li><a href="#label-Contributing">Contributing</a>
    <li><a href="#label-Contact">Contact</a>
    <li><a href="#label-Thanks">Thanks</a>
    <li><a href="#label-Links">Links</a>
    <li><a href="#label-License">License</a>
  </ul>
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    <li><a href="./CHANGELOG_md.html">CHANGELOG</a>
  
    <li><a href="./CONTRIBUTING_md.html">CONTRIBUTING</a>
  
    <li><a href="./README_rdoc.html">README</a>
  
  </ul>
</div>

</div>
</nav>

<h1 id="label-Rack-2C+a+modular+Ruby+webserver+interface">Rack, a modular Ruby webserver interface<span><a href="#label-Rack-2C+a+modular+Ruby+webserver+interface">&para;</a> <a href="#top">&uarr;</a></span></h1>

<p>Rack provides a minimal, modular, and adaptable interface for developing
web applications in Ruby. By wrapping HTTP requests and responses in the
simplest way possible, it unifies and distills the API for web servers, web
frameworks, and software in between (the so-called middleware) into a
single method call.</p>

<p>The exact details of this are described in the Rack specification, which
all Rack applications should conform to.</p>

<h2 id="label-Supported+web+servers">Supported web servers<span><a href="#label-Supported+web+servers">&para;</a> <a href="#top">&uarr;</a></span></h2>

<p>The included <strong>handlers</strong> connect all kinds of web servers to
Rack:</p>
<ul><li>
<p><a href="https://github.com/ruby/webrick">WEBrick</a></p>
</li><li>
<p><a href="FCGI.html">FCGI</a></p>
</li><li>
<p>CGI</p>
</li><li>
<p>SCGI</p>
</li><li>
<p><a href="https://www.litespeedtech.com/">LiteSpeed</a></p>
</li><li>
<p><a href="https://rubygems.org/gems/thin">Thin</a></p>
</li></ul>

<p>These web servers include Rack handlers in their distributions:</p>
<ul><li>
<p><a href="https://github.com/ohler55/agoo">Agoo</a></p>
</li><li>
<p><a href="https://github.com/socketry/falcon">Falcon</a></p>
</li><li>
<p><a href="https://github.com/boazsegev/iodine">Iodine</a></p>
</li><li>
<p><a href="https://unit.nginx.org/">NGINX Unit</a></p>
</li><li>
<p><a href="https://www.phusionpassenger.com/">Phusion Passenger</a> (which is
mod_rack for Apache and for nginx)</p>
</li><li>
<p><a href="https://puma.io/">Puma</a></p>
</li><li>
<p><a href="https://yhbt.net/unicorn/">Unicorn</a></p>
</li><li>
<p><a href="https://uwsgi-docs.readthedocs.io/en/latest/">uWSGI</a></p>
</li></ul>

<p>Any valid Rack app will run the same on all these handlers, without
changing anything.</p>

<h2 id="label-Supported+web+frameworks">Supported web frameworks<span><a href="#label-Supported+web+frameworks">&para;</a> <a href="#top">&uarr;</a></span></h2>

<p>These frameworks and many others support the Rack API:</p>
<ul><li>
<p><a href="http://www.ruby-camping.com/">Camping</a></p>
</li><li>
<p><a href="http://leahneukirchen.org/repos/coset/">Coset</a></p>
</li><li>
<p><a href="https://hanamirb.org/">Hanami</a></p>
</li><li>
<p><a href="http://padrinorb.com/">Padrino</a></p>
</li><li>
<p><a href="http://ramaze.net/">Ramaze</a></p>
</li><li>
<p><a href="https://github.com/jeremyevans/roda">Roda</a></p>
</li><li>
<p><a href="https://rubyonrails.org/">Ruby on Rails</a></p>
</li><li>
<p><a href="https://github.com/leahneukirchen/rum">Rum</a></p>
</li><li>
<p><a href="http://sinatrarb.com/">Sinatra</a></p>
</li><li>
<p><a href="https://github.com/socketry/utopia">Utopia</a></p>
</li><li>
<p><a href="https://github.com/ohler55/wabur">WABuR</a></p>
</li></ul>

<h2 id="label-Available+middleware+shipped+with+Rack">Available middleware shipped with Rack<span><a href="#label-Available+middleware+shipped+with+Rack">&para;</a> <a href="#top">&uarr;</a></span></h2>

<p>Between the server and the framework, Rack can be customized to your
applications needs using middleware. Rack itself ships with the following
middleware:</p>
<ul><li>
<p><a href="Rack/Chunked.html">Rack::Chunked</a>, for streaming responses
using chunked encoding.</p>
</li><li>
<p><a href="Rack/CommonLogger.html">Rack::CommonLogger</a>, for creating
Apache-style logfiles.</p>
</li><li>
<p><a href="Rack/ConditionalGet.html">Rack::ConditionalGet</a>, for returning
not modified responses when the response has not changed.</p>
</li><li>
<p><a href="Rack/Config.html">Rack::Config</a>, for modifying the environment
before processing the request.</p>
</li><li>
<p><a href="Rack/ContentLength.html">Rack::ContentLength</a>, for setting
Content-Length header based on body size.</p>
</li><li>
<p><a href="Rack/ContentType.html">Rack::ContentType</a>, for setting default
Content-Type header for responses.</p>
</li><li>
<p><a href="Rack/Deflater.html">Rack::Deflater</a>, for compressing responses
with gzip.</p>
</li><li>
<p><a href="Rack/ETag.html">Rack::ETag</a>, for setting ETag header on string
bodies.</p>
</li><li>
<p><a href="Rack/Events.html">Rack::Events</a>, for providing easy hooks when
a request is received and when the response is sent.</p>
</li><li>
<p><a href="Rack/Files.html">Rack::Files</a>, for serving static files.</p>
</li><li>
<p><a href="Rack/Head.html">Rack::Head</a>, for returning an empty body for
HEAD requests.</p>
</li><li>
<p><a href="Rack/Lint.html">Rack::Lint</a>, for checking conformance to the
Rack API.</p>
</li><li>
<p><a href="Rack/Lock.html">Rack::Lock</a>, for serializing requests using a
mutex.</p>
</li><li>
<p><a href="Rack/Logger.html">Rack::Logger</a>, for setting a logger to handle
logging errors.</p>
</li><li>
<p><a href="Rack/MethodOverride.html">Rack::MethodOverride</a>, for modifying
the request method based on a submitted parameter.</p>
</li><li>
<p><a href="Rack/Recursive.html">Rack::Recursive</a>, for including data from
other paths in the application, and for performing internal redirects.</p>
</li><li>
<p><a href="Rack/Reloader.html">Rack::Reloader</a>, for reloading files if
they have been modified.</p>
</li><li>
<p><a href="Rack/Runtime.html">Rack::Runtime</a>, for including a response
header with the time taken to process the request.</p>
</li><li>
<p><a href="Rack/Sendfile.html">Rack::Sendfile</a>, for working with web
servers that can use optimized file serving for file system paths.</p>
</li><li>
<p>Rack::ShowException, for catching unhandled exceptions and presenting them
in a nice and helpful way with clickable backtrace.</p>
</li><li>
<p><a href="Rack/ShowStatus.html">Rack::ShowStatus</a>, for using nice error
pages for empty client error responses.</p>
</li><li>
<p><a href="Rack/Static.html">Rack::Static</a>, for more configurable serving
of static files.</p>
</li><li>
<p><a href="Rack/TempfileReaper.html">Rack::TempfileReaper</a>, for removing
temporary files creating during a request.</p>
</li></ul>

<p>All these components use the same interface, which is described in detail
in the Rack specification.  These optional components can be used in any
way you wish.</p>

<h2 id="label-Convenience">Convenience<span><a href="#label-Convenience">&para;</a> <a href="#top">&uarr;</a></span></h2>

<p>If you want to develop outside of existing frameworks, implement your own
ones, or develop middleware, Rack provides many helpers to create Rack
applications quickly and without doing the same web stuff all over:</p>
<ul><li>
<p><a href="Rack/Request.html">Rack::Request</a>, which also provides query
string parsing and multipart handling.</p>
</li><li>
<p><a href="Rack/Response.html">Rack::Response</a>, for convenient generation
of HTTP replies and cookie handling.</p>
</li><li>
<p><a href="Rack/MockRequest.html">Rack::MockRequest</a> and <a
href="Rack/MockResponse.html">Rack::MockResponse</a> for efficient and
quick testing of Rack application without real HTTP round-trips.</p>
</li><li>
<p><a href="Rack/Cascade.html">Rack::Cascade</a>, for trying additional Rack
applications if an application returns a not found or method not supported
response.</p>
</li><li>
<p><a href="Rack/Directory.html">Rack::Directory</a>, for serving files under
a given directory, with directory indexes.</p>
</li><li>
<p><a href="Rack/MediaType.html">Rack::MediaType</a>, for parsing Content-Type
headers.</p>
</li><li>
<p><a href="Rack/Mime.html">Rack::Mime</a>, for determining Content-Type based
on file extension.</p>
</li><li>
<p><a href="Rack/RewindableInput.html">Rack::RewindableInput</a>, for making
any IO object rewindable, using a temporary file buffer.</p>
</li><li>
<p><a href="Rack/URLMap.html">Rack::URLMap</a>, to route to multiple
applications inside the same process.</p>
</li></ul>

<h2 id="label-rack-contrib">rack-contrib<span><a href="#label-rack-contrib">&para;</a> <a href="#top">&uarr;</a></span></h2>

<p>The plethora of useful middleware created the need for a project that
collects fresh Rack middleware.  rack-contrib includes a variety of add-on
components for Rack and it is easy to contribute new modules.</p>
<ul><li>
<p><a
href="https://github.com/rack/rack-contrib">github.com/rack/rack-contrib</a></p>
</li></ul>

<h2 id="label-rackup">rackup<span><a href="#label-rackup">&para;</a> <a href="#top">&uarr;</a></span></h2>

<p>rackup is a useful tool for running Rack applications, which uses the <a
href="Rack/Builder.html">Rack::Builder</a> DSL to configure middleware and
build up applications easily.</p>

<p>rackup automatically figures out the environment it is run in, and runs
your application as FastCGI, CGI, or WEBrick—all from the same
configuration.</p>

<h2 id="label-Quick+start">Quick start<span><a href="#label-Quick+start">&para;</a> <a href="#top">&uarr;</a></span></h2>

<p>Try the lobster!</p>

<p>Either with the embedded <a href="WEBrick.html">WEBrick</a> starter:</p>

<pre>ruby -Ilib lib/rack/lobster.rb</pre>

<p>Or with rackup:</p>

<pre>bin/rackup -Ilib example/lobster.ru</pre>

<p>By default, the lobster is found at <a
href="http://localhost:9292">localhost:9292</a>.</p>

<h2 id="label-Installing+with+RubyGems">Installing with RubyGems<span><a href="#label-Installing+with+RubyGems">&para;</a> <a href="#top">&uarr;</a></span></h2>

<p>A Gem of Rack is available at <a
href="https://rubygems.org/gems/rack">rubygems.org</a>. You can install it
with:</p>

<pre class="ruby"><span class="ruby-identifier">gem</span> <span class="ruby-identifier">install</span> <span class="ruby-identifier">rack</span>
</pre>

<h2 id="label-Usage">Usage<span><a href="#label-Usage">&para;</a> <a href="#top">&uarr;</a></span></h2>

<p>You should require the library:</p>

<pre class="ruby"><span class="ruby-identifier">require</span> <span class="ruby-string">&#39;rack&#39;</span>
</pre>

<p>Rack uses autoload to automatically load other files Rack ships with on
demand, so you should not need require paths under <code>rack</code>.  If
you require paths under <code>rack</code> without requiring
<code>rack</code> itself, things may not work correctly.</p>

<h2 id="label-Configuration">Configuration<span><a href="#label-Configuration">&para;</a> <a href="#top">&uarr;</a></span></h2>

<p>Several parameters can be modified on <a
href="Rack/Utils.html">Rack::Utils</a> to configure Rack behaviour.</p>

<pre class="ruby"><span class="ruby-constant">Rack</span><span class="ruby-operator">::</span><span class="ruby-constant">Utils</span>.<span class="ruby-identifier">key_space_limit</span> = <span class="ruby-value">128</span>
</pre>

<h3 id="label-key_space_limit">key_space_limit<span><a href="#label-key_space_limit">&para;</a> <a href="#top">&uarr;</a></span></h3>

<p>The default number of bytes to allow all parameters keys in a given
parameter hash to take up. Does not affect nested parameter hashes, so
doesn&#39;t actually prevent an attacker from using more than this many
bytes for parameter keys.</p>

<p>Defaults to 65536 characters.</p>

<h3 id="label-param_depth_limit">param_depth_limit<span><a href="#label-param_depth_limit">&para;</a> <a href="#top">&uarr;</a></span></h3>

<p>The maximum amount of nesting allowed in parameters. For example, if set to
3, this query string would be allowed:</p>

<p>but this query string would not be allowed:</p>

<p>Limiting the depth prevents a possible stack overflow when parsing
parameters.</p>

<p>Defaults to 100.</p>

<h3 id="label-multipart_part_limit">multipart_part_limit<span><a href="#label-multipart_part_limit">&para;</a> <a href="#top">&uarr;</a></span></h3>

<p>The maximum number of parts a request can contain. Accepting too many part
can lead to the server running out of file handles.</p>

<p>The default is 128, which means that a single request can&#39;t upload more
than 128 files at once.</p>

<p>Set to 0 for no limit.</p>

<p>Can also be set via the <code>RACK_MULTIPART_PART_LIMIT</code> environment
variable.</p>

<h2 id="label-Changelog">Changelog<span><a href="#label-Changelog">&para;</a> <a href="#top">&uarr;</a></span></h2>

<p>See <a
href="https://github.com/rack/rack/blob/master/CHANGELOG.md">CHANGELOG.md</a>.</p>

<h2 id="label-Contributing">Contributing<span><a href="#label-Contributing">&para;</a> <a href="#top">&uarr;</a></span></h2>

<p>See <a
href="https://github.com/rack/rack/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md">CONTRIBUTING.md</a>.</p>

<h2 id="label-Contact">Contact<span><a href="#label-Contact">&para;</a> <a href="#top">&uarr;</a></span></h2>

<p>Please post bugs, suggestions and patches to the bug tracker at <a
href="https://github.com/rack/rack/issues">issues</a>.</p>

<p>Please post security related bugs and suggestions to the core team at
&lt;<a
href="https://groups.google.com/forum/#!forum/rack-core">groups.google.com/forum/#!forum/rack-core</a>&gt;
or rack-core@googlegroups.com. This list is not public. Due to wide usage
of the library, it is strongly preferred that we manage timing in order to
provide viable patches at the time of disclosure. Your assistance in this
matter is greatly appreciated.</p>

<p>Mailing list archives are available at &lt;<a
href="https://groups.google.com/forum/#!forum/rack-devel">groups.google.com/forum/#!forum/rack-devel</a>&gt;.</p>

<p>Git repository (send Git patches to the mailing list):</p>
<ul><li>
<p><a href="https://github.com/rack/rack">github.com/rack/rack</a></p>
</li></ul>

<p>You are also welcome to join the rack channel on irc.freenode.net.</p>

<h2 id="label-Thanks">Thanks<span><a href="#label-Thanks">&para;</a> <a href="#top">&uarr;</a></span></h2>

<p>The Rack Core Team, consisting of</p>
<ul><li>
<p>Aaron Patterson (<a href="https://github.com/tenderlove">tenderlove</a>)</p>
</li><li>
<p>Samuel Williams (<a href="https://github.com/ioquatix">ioquatix</a>)</p>
</li><li>
<p>Jeremy Evans (<a href="https://github.com/jeremyevans">jeremyevans</a>)</p>
</li><li>
<p>Eileen Uchitelle (<a href="https://github.com/eileencodes">eileencodes</a>)</p>
</li><li>
<p>Matthew Draper (<a href="https://github.com/matthewd">matthewd</a>)</p>
</li><li>
<p>Rafael França (<a href="https://github.com/rafaelfranca">rafaelfranca</a>)</p>
</li></ul>

<p>and the Rack Alumni</p>
<ul><li>
<p>Ryan Tomayko (<a href="https://github.com/rtomayko">rtomayko</a>)</p>
</li><li>
<p>Scytrin dai Kinthra (<a href="https://github.com/scytrin">scytrin</a>)</p>
</li><li>
<p>Leah Neukirchen (<a
href="https://github.com/leahneukirchen">leahneukirchen</a>)</p>
</li><li>
<p>James Tucker (<a href="https://github.com/raggi">raggi</a>)</p>
</li><li>
<p>Josh Peek (<a href="https://github.com/josh">josh</a>)</p>
</li><li>
<p>José Valim (<a href="https://github.com/josevalim">josevalim</a>)</p>
</li><li>
<p>Michael Fellinger (<a href="https://github.com/manveru">manveru</a>)</p>
</li><li>
<p>Santiago Pastorino (<a href="https://github.com/spastorino">spastorino</a>)</p>
</li><li>
<p>Konstantin Haase (<a href="https://github.com/rkh">rkh</a>)</p>
</li></ul>

<p>would like to thank:</p>
<ul><li>
<p>Adrian Madrid, for the LiteSpeed handler.</p>
</li><li>
<p>Christoffer Sawicki, for the first Rails adapter and <a
href="Rack/Deflater.html">Rack::Deflater</a>.</p>
</li><li>
<p>Tim Fletcher, for the HTTP authentication code.</p>
</li><li>
<p>Luc Heinrich for the Cookie sessions, the static file handler and bugfixes.</p>
</li><li>
<p>Armin Ronacher, for the logo and racktools.</p>
</li><li>
<p>Alex Beregszaszi, Alexander Kahn, Anil Wadghule, Aredridel, Ben Alpert, Dan
Kubb, Daniel Roethlisberger, Matt Todd, Tom Robinson, Phil Hagelberg, S.
Brent Faulkner, Bosko Milekic, Daniel Rodríguez Troitiño, Genki Takiuchi,
Geoffrey Grosenbach, Julien Sanchez, Kamal Fariz Mahyuddin, Masayoshi
Takahashi, Patrick Aljordm, Mig, Kazuhiro Nishiyama, Jon Bardin, Konstantin
Haase, Larry Siden, Matias Korhonen, Sam Ruby, Simon Chiang, Tim Connor,
Timur Batyrshin, and Zach Brock for bug fixing and other improvements.</p>
</li><li>
<p>Eric Wong, Hongli Lai, Jeremy Kemper for their continuous support and API
improvements.</p>
</li><li>
<p>Yehuda Katz and Carl Lerche for refactoring rackup.</p>
</li><li>
<p>Brian Candler, for <a href="Rack/ContentType.html">Rack::ContentType</a>.</p>
</li><li>
<p>Graham Batty, for improved handler loading.</p>
</li><li>
<p>Stephen Bannasch, for bug reports and documentation.</p>
</li><li>
<p>Gary Wright, for proposing a better <a
href="Rack/Response.html">Rack::Response</a> interface.</p>
</li><li>
<p>Jonathan Buch, for improvements regarding <a
href="Rack/Response.html">Rack::Response</a>.</p>
</li><li>
<p>Armin Röhrl, for tracking down bugs in the Cookie generator.</p>
</li><li>
<p>Alexander Kellett for testing the Gem and reviewing the announcement.</p>
</li><li>
<p>Marcus Rückert, for help with configuring and debugging lighttpd.</p>
</li><li>
<p>The WSGI team for the well-done and documented work they&#39;ve done and
Rack builds up on.</p>
</li><li>
<p>All bug reporters and patch contributors not mentioned above.</p>
</li></ul>

<h2 id="label-Links">Links<span><a href="#label-Links">&para;</a> <a href="#top">&uarr;</a></span></h2>
<dl class="rdoc-list note-list"><dt>Rack
<dd>
<p>&lt;<a href="https://rack.github.io">rack.github.io</a>/&gt;</p>
</dd><dt>Official Rack repositories
<dd>
<p>&lt;<a href="https://github.com/rack">github.com/rack</a>&gt;</p>
</dd><dt>Rack Bug Tracking
<dd>
<p>&lt;<a
href="https://github.com/rack/rack/issues">github.com/rack/rack/issues</a>&gt;</p>
</dd><dt>rack-devel mailing list
<dd>
<p>&lt;<a
href="https://groups.google.com/forum/#!forum/rack-devel">groups.google.com/forum/#!forum/rack-devel</a>&gt;</p>
</dd></dl>

<h2 id="label-License">License<span><a href="#label-License">&para;</a> <a href="#top">&uarr;</a></span></h2>

<p>Rack is released under the <a
href="https://opensource.org/licenses/MIT">MIT License</a>.</p>
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